Scoping review of the evolution of delirium detection, diagnostic, and severity assessment scales

Abstract

Aim/Objective: To systematically compile and analyze all delirium detection tools, establishing a temporal and contextual framework to clarify current knowledge. Background: Delirium is a prevalent condition in hospitalized patients, particularly older adults, associated with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. Early diagnosis is essential for timely intervention. Despite the development of numerous diagnostic tools over five decades, existing resources remain fragmented, necessitating a comprehensive synthesis. Methods: A scoping review was conducted across six databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Cuiden, LILACS, CINAHL, Web of Science) following Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Results: Nearly 100 delirium detection tools were identified and categorized into five comparative tables, providing a structured overview of key features. Conclusions: This review consolidates dispersed information, presenting a comprehensive timeline of delirium assessment tools. Findings support clinical practice and research by offering an updated, structured perspective on available screening and diagnostic methods. (c) 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)