Molecular Insights into the Interaction of Cathepsin D and Iron in Chronic Wound Healing: Exploring Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms

Abstract

Background: Chronic wounds, such as diabetic ulcers, often fail to progress through healing due to persistent inflammation, infections, and extracellular matrix (ECM) imbalances. Cathepsin D, an aspartate protease active in acidic environments, plays a pivotal role in wound healing by mediating inflammatory responses, ECM remodeling, and macrophage phenotype transitions. Its dysregulation, however, can impair healing, highlighting the need for targeted modulation of its activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular interaction between Fe(2+) and cathepsin D's catalytic core and ionic zipper under physiological and acidic conditions to identify strategies to enhance tissue repair and accelerate the healing of chronic wounds. Methods: The molecular structure of active cathepsin D was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and analyzed using UCSF Chimera. Molecular interactions between cathepsin D and ferrous ions (Fe(2+)) were studied, focusing on key residues (D33 and D231) and ionic zipper residues (E5, E180, and D187). Results: Our results showed that the active form of cathepsin D, a 96 kDa dimer, consisted of heterodimers with distinct amino acid chains, where residues D33 and D231 formed the active site, and E5, E180, and D187 constituted the ionic zipper. A functional pocket containing the conserved residues D33 and D231, essential for proteolytic activity, was identified. At physiological pH (~7.5), D33 exhibited the most potent interactions with Fe(2+), with interaction energies of -7 × 10(17) J at oxygen atoms of the carboxylate group (OD1) and ?-carbon (CA) atoms, whereas D231 showed slightly lower energies of -6 × 10(17) J at ?-carbon atom (CG) and CA atoms. At acidic pH (~4), E5 was the primary interacting residue, with the shortest distance to Fe(2+) (2.69 Å), and showed stable interactions across several atoms, emphasizing its role in metal binding. Conclusions: pH conditions strongly influence the interaction of cathepsin D with Fe(2). At physiological pH, residues D33 and D231 demonstrate robust and energetically efficient binding with Fe(2+). At the same time, under acidic conditions, E5 emerges as the primary residue involved, potentially affecting the ionic zipper of cathepsin D. These insights provide a molecular foundation for targeting specific residues to modulate cathepsin D activity, presenting promising opportunities for therapeutic strategies aimed at improving chronic wound healing.